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Interoperability refers to the ability of different large scale EU IT systems to communicate and exchange data with each other to support the work of authorities dealing with different immigration procedures – from the processing of a visa request to the granting of a residence permit or the implementation of return policies – and the work of the police. These IT systems and their interoperability will enter into operation at the end of this year. FRA pointed to fundamental rights risks when law enforcement accesses these databases, such as data protection and privacy rights, non-discrimination and the rights of the child.