All EU Member States are party to the ECHR and therefore bound by it. In addition, as noted in the Handbook on European non-discrimination law, there are close connections between EU law and the ECHR. According to Article 52(3) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the meaning and scope of the rights protected by the Charter, such as Article 21 on the right to non-discrimination, are to be interpreted in the same way as the corresponding right enshrined in the ECHR. Therefore, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is highly relevant for Member States also when interpreting and applying EU law related to hate crime, such as the Framework Decision on Racism and Xenophobia and the Victims’ Rights Directive.

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