As a very modern human rights catalogue containing many rights not found in established bills of rights, the Charter indeed looks good on paper. Those familiar with the
main principles of EU law can usually quickly recite that the Charter is always binding
on the EU, and binding on Member States only when they are “implementing EU law”.
But what does this often-quoted language from Article 51 of the Charter actually mean?
Ως ένας πολύ σύγχρονος κατάλογος ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων ο οποίος περιέχει
πολλά δικαιώματα που δεν υπάρχουν σε θεσπισθείσες διακηρύξεις δικαιωμάτων,
ο Χάρτης φαίνεται πράγματι ικανοποιητικός στη θεωρία. Όσοι είναι εξοικειωμένοι
με τις βασικές αρχές του δικαίου της ΕΕ μπορούν συνήθως να δηλώσουν χωρίς
δεύτερη σκέψη ότι ο Χάρτης είναι πάντα δεσμευτικός για την ΕΕ, και ότι είναι
δεσμευτικός για τα κράτη μέλη μόνον όταν «εφαρμόζουν το δίκαιο της Ένωσης».
Τι σημαίνει όμως στην πραγματικότητα αυτή η συχνά αναφερόμενη φράση του
άρθρου 51 του Χάρτη;
As a very modern human rights catalogue containing many rights not found in established bills of rights, the Charter indeed looks good on paper. Those familiar with the main principles of EU law can usually quickly recite that the Charter is always binding on the EU, and binding on Member States only when they are "implementing EU law". But what does this often-quoted language from Article 51 of the Charter actually mean?
En efecto, la Carta se percibe a priori como un catálogo muy innovador al incorporar numerosos derechos no incluidos en otras cartas de derechos ya consolidadas. Normalmente, quienes se encuentren familiarizados con los principios básicos del Derecho de la Unión recordarán enseguida que la Carta vincula en todo momento a la UE y que únicamente vincula a los Estados miembros cuando «apliquen el Derecho de la Unión». Pero ¿qué significan en realidad estos términos del artículo 51 de la Carta, que tan a menudo se citan?
Nüüdisaegse inimõiguste kogumina, mis sisaldab palju õigusi, mida varem kehtestatud
õiguste koodeksites ei leidu, on harta paberväljaanne muljetavaldav. Euroopa Liidu
õiguse peamiste põhimõtete tundjad oskavad tavaliselt kiiresti öelda, et harta on
ELile alati siduv, kuid liikmesriikidele on see siduv üksnes „liidu õiguse kohaldamise
korral“. Mida see harta artikli 51 sageli tsiteeritud sõnastus tegelikult tähendab?
Kyseessä on erittäin nykyaikainen ihmisoikeuksien luettelo, jossa on monia sellaisia
oikeuksia, joita ei ole vakiintuneissa oikeusluetteloissa. Paperilla perusoikeuskirja
näyttääkin hyvältä. Ne, jotka tuntevat EU:n oikeuden pääperiaatteet, pystyvät tavallisesti sanomaan välittömästi, että peruskirja sitoo EU:ta aina ja jäsenvaltioita vain
silloin, kun ne ”soveltavat unionin oikeutta”. Mitä tämä usein siteerattu perusoikeuskirjan 51 artiklan kohta sitten todella tarkoittaa?
En tant que catalogue très moderne des droits de l’homme, la Charte inclut de nombreux
droits absents des déclarations de droits établies de longue date, et sa lecture
suscite une impression très favorable. Les personnes qui connaissent les grands
principes du droit de l’UE sont en général capables de réciter rapidement que la Charte
est toujours contraignante pour l’UE, et l’est pour les États membres uniquement
« lorsqu’ils mettent en oeuvre le droit de l’Union ». Mais que signifie cette expression
souvent citée de l’article 51 de la Charte ?
Rijec je o iznimno suvremenom skupu ljudskih prava koji sadržava brojna prava koja
nisu ukljucena u postojece povelje o pravima, što Povelju cini vrlo dojmljivom na
papiru. Oni upuceni u glavna nacela prava EU-a obicno mogu brzo izreci da je Povelja
uvijek obvezujuca za EU, a za države clanice obvezujuca je samo kad „provode zakonodavstvo
EU-a”. No što ta cesto citirana formulacija iz clanka 51. Povelje zapravo znaci?
Rendkívül korszerű emberi jogi jegyzékként számos olyan jogot foglal magában, amelyek más elfogadott alapjogi okmányokban nem szerepelnek, így a Charta papíron valóban jól mutat. Akik jól ismerik az uniós jog főbb elveit, rendszerint gyorsan fel tudják mondani, hogy a Charta az EU‑ra nézve mindig kötelező, a tagállamokra nézve viszont csak akkor, amikor „az uniós jogot hajtják végre”. De tulajdonképpen mit jelent a Chartának ez a sokat idézett 51. cikke?
Essendo un catalogo dei diritti umani molto moderno, che contiene molti diritti non
reperibili nelle carte dei diritti consolidate, la Carta sembra davvero buona a livello
teorico. Coloro che conoscono i principi fondamentali del diritto dell’UE possono di
solito recitare rapidamente che la Carta è sempre vincolante per l’UE e per gli Stati
membri solo quando «attuano il diritto dell’UE». Ma che cosa significa in realtà questa
espressione spesso citata dall’articolo 51 della Carta?
Almost 25 million children under 18 are at risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU. Poverty deprives children of educational
opportunities, childcare, access to health care, adequate food and housing, family support and even protection from violence.
This report outlines data and survey findings that highlight the magnitude of child poverty in the EU, but also presents tools
available to counter this phenomenon and keep track of progress made.
This note draws attention to the recent trend of criminalising search and rescue operations (SAR) in the Mediterranean Sea carried out by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) or other private entities. This includes seizing rescue vessels, as well as arrests for crew members, in some EU Member States. Most of such incidents concerned NGOs operating in the Central Mediterranean Sea.
With enormous volumes of data generated every day, more and more decisions are based on data analysis and algorithms. This can bring welcome benefits, such as consistency and objectivity, but algorithms also entail great risks. A FRA focus paper looks at how the use of automation in decision making can result in, or exacerbate, discrimination.
In November 2017, the European Commission requested FRA’s support in evaluating the impact on fundamental rights of the European Border Surveillance System (Eurosur) Regulation. Further to this request, FRA reviewed the work of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) and analysed cooperation agreements concluded by EU Member States with third countries which are relevant for the exchange of information for the purposes of Eurosur. This report presents the main findings of such review.
The founding treaties, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and secondary EU law all provide for EU citizens’ freedom to move and reside freely in any EU country of their choice. Growing numbers of citizens, and their family members, are making use of this freedom and related rights, such as the right not to be discriminated against based on nationality and the right to vote in certain elections in the host Member State. But making these rights a reality remains a challenge. This report presents an EU-wide, comparative overview of the application of the Free Movement Directive (2004/38/EC) across the 28 Member States based on a review of select case law at national level.
The EU Return Directive (2008/115/EC) in Article 8 (6) introduced an important fundamental rights safeguard for third-country nationals ordered to leave the EU because they do not or no longer fulfil the conditions for entry and/or stay. According to the Directive, Member States must provide for an effective forced-return monitoring system.
Across the European Union, people face hatred because of their skin colour, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexuality. In response, the EU and its Member States have introduced laws against hate crime and support services for victims. But these will only fulfil their potential if victims report hate-motivated harassment and violence to the police, and if police officers record such incidents as hate crimes. This report provides rich and detailed information on hate crime recording and data collection systems across the EU, including any systemic cooperation with civil society.
European societies are not getting any younger! It is a simple truth we must face both about ourselves and Europe as a whole. In two generations, by 2080, those aged 65 or above will account for almost 30% of the European Union’s population.
L’année 2017 a été marquée à la fois par des avancées et des régressions en matière de protection des droits fondamentaux. Le rapport sur les droits fondamentaux 2018 de la FRA examine les principales évolutions intervenues dans l’Union entre janvier et décembre 2017 et présente les avis de la FRA à cet égard.