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Monitoring and recording antisemitism in the EU – State of play and ways forward

This report looks at antisemitism in the EU, focusing on what can be done to address gaps in recording and inconsistencies in data collection. It highlights existing tools and guidance for Member States to improve their recording systems. The analysis is based on official government statistics and information from publicly available sources across EU Member States, as well as Albania, North Macedonia, and Serbia. Detailed country overviews are available for all countries covered. Antisemitism has been monitored by FRA since 2004.
This report builds on the 2024 publication, ‘Jewish People’s Experiences and Perceptions of Antisemitism’.


Reliable and comparable data on antisemitic incidents are crucial to assess the spread of antisemitism in Europe and to tackle it effectively. Recording of reported incidents is often inconsistent as Member States use different methodologies and data can therefore not be compared (…) FRA will help Member States improve and align their methodologies for recording and collecting data on hate crime, including on antisemitism.

EU strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life (2021–2030)

Jewish people in the EU face antisemitism on a nearly constant basis – 96 % of respondents to the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights’ (FRA) latest survey on discrimination and hate crime against Jews experienced at least one form of antisemitism in the year before the survey, which was conducted between January and June 2023. Yet very few of them report incidents to any authority or body, whether these occur offline or online. As a result, perpetrators are often left in relative impunity and victims do not get the redress they are entitled to under EU law (see Legal corner for more information on the relevant legal framework).

For the EU and its Member States to address antisemitism effectively, every link in this chain needs to be strengthened: reporting, recording, investigation, prosecution and sentencing. Indeed, for victims of antisemitism to get redress, victims and witnesses need to be encouraged to report incidents, whether to the relevant authorities or to trusted and reliable third parties. In this respect, it can be noted that FRA has encouraged Member States to raise awareness among Jewish people of the redress mechanisms that are available to them, in the context of encouraging the reporting of antisemitic incidents.

Antisemitic incidents need to be recorded properly, with law enforcement officers trained to recognise and record bias indicators. This, in turn, will support the investigation of antisemitic incidents, which is essential for prosecution: without solid evidence of antisemitism, perpetrators cannot be adequately prosecuted. Finally, offenders need to be served effective, proportionate and dissuasive sentences. Responding to calls made by the Council of the European Union and the European Commission for FRA to help Member States improve data collection on antisemitism, this publication focuses on what law enforcement authorities can do to improve the recording of antisemitic incidents, and what steps national authorities could take in this respect (see Ways forward).

The reason is that ‘proper recording of hate crime by law enforcement authorities can lead to a better understanding of the nature and prevalence of the phenomenon, and of its impact on victims and their communities. This, in turn, can assist the authorities in developing and monitoring policies and measures they put in place to combat prejudice and to offer support to victims of hate crime.’ (FRA, 2018, Hate crime recording and data collection practice across the EU, p. 9).

The information presented in this publication draws on evidence the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and its predecessor (the EU Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia) have been collecting on the recording of antisemitic incidents since 2004. The publication first draws attention to commitments the EU and its Member States have made in this respect and then briefly describes the state of play of recording in EU Member States and countries that participate in the work of FRA as observers (Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia). The publication highlights possible ways forward to improve the recording of antisemitic incidents, drawing on existing guidance tools and structures. As such, this publication should be read in conjunction with FRA’s body of work on addressing hate crime.