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Monitoring and recording antisemitism in the EU – state of play and ways forward

The information presented in this publication draws on evidence the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and its predecessor (the EU Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia) have been collecting on the recording of antisemitic incidents since 2004. The publication first draws attention to commitments the EU and its Member States have made in this respect and then briefly describes the state of play of recording in EU Member States and countries that participate in the work of FRA as observers (Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia).

The EU and its Member States have made several commitments to improve the recording of antisemitic incidents, including those that do not meet the criminal threshold. In addition, at the time of writing, 23 Member States had adopted national strategies or action plans to combat antisemitism, as detailed by the European Commission. Despite these commitments, there remain significant gaps and discrepancies in how Member States record antisemitic incidents, as FRA has been documenting, with all relevant reports available here.

Improving the recording of antisemitic incidents should, however, not be seen as an end it itself. Doing so is a means to acknowledge victims of antisemitism and to show that the State takes the phenomenon seriously. Better knowledge of how and where antisemitism manifests itself can also support efforts to prevent it (see Box A 1 for tools that national authorities could use to help them identify antisemitism). Adequate reporting of antisemitism acts as a signal that people have the right to live an openly Jewish life, in a State that strives to uphold their rights.

This is particularly true in a context where reactions to the Hamas attacks and the ensuing military intervention in Gaza led to spikes in recorded incidents of antisemitism in the EU, as FRA noted in its third survey on discrimination and hate crime against Jews, and as Table 1 and Table 2 indicate. The country fiches that accompany this publication provide more detailed information on the nature of these incidents and on year-on-year fluctuations in recorded incidents, as well as on the sources of the data that are presented in these tables. The data presented in the tables below are not comparable, since every Member State and civil society organisation that collects these use different definitions and classifications for antisemitic incidents.

Still, the tables show increases in the number of recorded incidents in the year 2023 compared to 2022, and that the number of recorded incidents generally remained high or further increased in some countries in 2024 compared to 2023. ‘Official data’ (Table 1) refers to those that are recorded by law enforcement agencies, authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant ministries. ‘Unofficial data’ (Table 2) refers to those recorded by civil society organisations, including Jewish community organisations.

Table 1 – Number of antisemitic incidents recorded after the 7 October 2023 Hamas attacks, by year – official data, where these are available

Country

2022

2023

2024

Source and type of data

Austria

225

263

347

Federal Ministry of the Interior – crimes with an antisemitic bias motivation

Belgium

57

121

277(a)

Unia, national equality body – reported incidents of antisemitism

Denmark

(b)

176

222

Danish National Police – antisemitic hate crimes and antisemitic incidents that do not meet the criminal threshold

France

436

1,676

1,570

National Directorate of Territorial Intelligence – Antisemitic acts and threats

Germany

2,641

5,164

6,236

Criminal Police Reporting Service in Cases of Politically Motivated Crime – crimes with a presumed antisemitic motive

Italy

94

316

304

Observatory for Security Against Acts of Discrimination (OSCAD) – cases of antisemitic criminal conduct

Netherlands

549

880

880

Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Art. 1 and Ministry of Justice – criminal discriminatory antisemitic incidents

Sweden

145

n.a.(

312

Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå)

Alternative text: This table shows increases in the numbers of officially recorded incidents in the year 2023 compared to 2022, and that the number of officially recorded incidents generally remained high or further increased in some countries in 2024 compared to 2023. Information is only provided for countries where data are available. ‘Official data’ refers to those that are recorded by law enforcement agencies, authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant ministries. Every country applies different definitions and classifications of antisemitic incidents.

  1. The Belgian equality body (Unia) points out that the biggest part of the increase between 2023 and 2024 is due to the large number of complaints it has received about one incident, with many other reported incidents relating specifically to the “Israeli-Palestinian conflict” (see, Analyse des chiffres des signalements et dossiers individuels, p. 77).
  2. No data are provided as the recording practice changed in 2023. Following the Hamas attacks on 7 October, police districts were required to record antisemitic hate crimes as well as antisemitic incidents that do not meet the criminal threshold.

.

Source: FRA, 2025

 

Table 2 – Number of antisemitic incidents recorded after the 7 October 2023 Hamas attacks– unofficial data, where these are available

Country

2022

2023

2024

Source and type of data

Austria

719

1,147

1,520

Jewish Community Vienna (IKG) – antisemitic cases

Belgium

34

144

129

Antisemitisme.be – antisemitic incidents reported to Antisemitisme.be

Czechia

2,277

4,328

4,693

Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic (FZO) – antisemitic incidents recorded by the FZO

Denmark

9

121

207

Jewish Community in Denmark, Department for Mapping and Sharing Information on Antisemitic Incidents (AKVAH) – antisemitic incidents recorded by AKVAH

Germany

2,616

4,782(a)

8,627

Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) – incidents reported to RIAS

Hungary

45

128

644

Action and Protection Foundation (TEV), Brussels Institute – antisemitic hate crimes and incidents

Italy

241

455

874

Antisemitism Observatory – antisemitic incidents recorded by the observatory

Netherlands

155

379

421

Centre for Documentation and Information Israel (CIDI) – antisemitic incident recorded by CIDI

Sweden

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

 

Alternative text: The table shows increases in the number of unofficially recorded incidents in the year 2023 compared to 2022, and that the number of unofficially recorded incidents generally remained high or increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Information is only provided for countries where data are available. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to those recorded by civil society organisations, including Jewish community organisations. Every organisation applies different definitions and classifications of antisemitic incidents when recording those data.

Source: FRA, 2025

  1. Not comparable with the previous year due to a change in the recording methodology