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Liberdades
Artigo 16.o - Liberdade de empresa
É reconhecida a liberdade de empresa, de acordo com o direito da União e as legislações e práticas nacionais.
Este artigo baseia-se na jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça, que reconheceu a liberdade de exercício de uma actividade económica ou comercial (ver os acórdãos de 14 de Maio de 1974, processo 4/73, Nold, Colect. 1974, p. 491, ponto 14; e de 27 de Setembro de 1979, processo 230/78, SpA Eridania e outros, Colect. 1979, p. 2749, pontos 20 e 31) e a liberdade contratual (ver, designadamente, os acórdãos Sukkerfabriken Nykoebing, processo 151/78, Colect. 1979, p. 1, ponto 19; de 5 de Outubro de 1999, Espanha contra Comissão, processo C-240/97, Colect. 1999, p. I-6571, ponto 99), bem como nos n.os 1 e 3 do artigo 119.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia, que reconhece a livre concorrência. Este direito é exercido, como é óbvio, na observância do direito da União e das legislações nacionais, podendo ser objecto das restrições previstas no n.o 1 do artigo 52.o da Carta.
Artikel 19 1. Bevordering van voldoende werkgelegenheid is voorwerp van zorg der overheid.2. De wet stelt regels omtrent de rechtspositie van hen die arbeid verrichten en omtrent hun bescherming daarbij, alsmede omtrent medezeggenschap.3. Het recht van iedere Nederlander op vrije keuze van arbeid wordt erkend, behoudens de beperkingen bij of krachtens de wet gesteld.
Article 26 (1) Everybody has the right to the free choice of her profession and the training for that profession, as well as the right to engage in enterprise and pursue other economic activity. (2) Conditions and limitations may be set by law upon the right to engage in certain professions or activities.
Článek 26 (1) Každý má právo na svobodnou volbu povolání a přípravu k němu, jakož i právo podnikat a provozovat jinou hospodářskou činnost. (2) Zákon může stanovit podmínky a omezení pro výkon určitých povolání nebo činností.
Artículo 38 Se reconoce la libertad de empresa en el marco de la economía de mercado. Los poderes públicos garantizan y protegen su ejercicio y la defensa de la productividad, de acuerdo con las exigencias de la economía general y, en su caso, de la planificación.
Section 38 Free enterprise is recognized within the framework of a market economy. The public authorities guarantee and protect its exercise and the safeguarding of productivity in accordance with the demands of the general economy and, as the case may be, of economic planning.
Article 74 Free economic initiative shall be guaranteed.The conditions for establishing commercial organisations shall be established by law. Commercial activities may not be pursued in a manner contrary to the public interest.Unfair competition practices and practices which restrict competition in a manner contrary to the law are prohibited.
74. člen Gospodarska pobuda je svobodna. Zakon določa pogoje za ustanavljanje gospodarskih organizacij. Gospodarska dejavnost se ne sme izvajati v nasprotju z javno koristjo. Prepovedana so dejanja nelojalne konkurence in dejanja, ki v nasprotju z zakonom omejujejo konkurenco.
Article 35 (1) Everyone has the right to a free choice of profession and to appropriate training, as well as the right to conduct entrepreneurial or other gainful activity. (2) Conditions and restrictions with regard to the execution of certain professions or activities may be laid down by law. (...)
Čl. 35 (1) Každý má právo na slobodnú voľbu povolania a prípravu naň, ako aj právo podnikať a uskutočňovať inú zárobkovú činnosť. (2) Zákon môže ustanoviť podmienky a obmedzenia výkonu určitých povolaní alebo činností. (…).
Articolul 41(1) Dreptul la munca nu poate fi îngradit. Alegerea profesiei, a meseriei sau a ocupatiei, precum si a locului de munca este libera. Articolul 45Accesul liber al persoanei la o activitate economica, libera initiativa si exercitarea acestora în conditiile legii sunt garantate.
Article 41(1) The right to work shall not be restricted. Everyone has a free choice of his/her profession, trade or occupation, as well as work place. Article 45Free access of persons to an economic activity, free enterprise, and their exercise under the law shall be guaranteed.
Artigo 61.º (Iniciativa privada, cooperativa e autogestionária) 1. A iniciativa económica privada exerce-se livremente nos quadros definidos pela Constituição e pela lei e tendo em conta o interesse geral. 2. A todos é reconhecido o direito à livre constituição de cooperativas, desde que observados os princípios cooperativos. 3. As cooperativas desenvolvem livremente as suas actividades no quadro da lei e podem agrupar-se em uniões, federações e confederações e em outras formas de organização legalmente previstas. 4 A lei estabelece as especificidades organizativas das cooperativas com participação pública. 5. É reconhecido o direito de autogestão, nos termos da lei.
Article 61 (Private enterprise, cooperatives and work management) (1) Private economic enterprise shall be undertaken freely within the overall frameworks laid down by this Constitution and the law and with regard for the general interest. (2) Everyone shall possess the right to freely form cooperatives, subject to compliance with cooperative principles. (3) Cooperatives shall pursue their activities freely within the overall framework laid down by law and may group themselves together in unions, federations and confederations and other forms of organisation provided for by law. (4) The law shall lay down the specific organisational requirements for cooperatives in which the state or any public body possesses an interest. (5) There shall be the right to worker management, as laid down by law.
Article 65.1. Everyone shall have the freedom to choose and to pursue his occupation and to choose his place of work. Exceptions shall be specified by statute. (...)
Art. 65. 1. Każdemu zapewnia się wolność wyboru i wykonywania zawodu oraz wyboru miejsca pracy. Wyjątki określa ustawa. (...)
Article 18The State shall encourage private economic enterprise. Article 19The State shall provide for the protection and development of artisan trades.
Article 11.(6) La liberté du commerce et de l’industrie, l’exercice de la profession libérale et du travail agricole sont garantis, sauf les restrictions à établir par la loi. (...)
Article 11.(6) The freedom of commerce and industry, the exercise of liberal professions and of agricultural labor are guaranteed, save for the restrictions established by the law. (...)
on combating late payment in commercial transactions Text with EEA relevance The aim of this Directive is stated to be ‘to combat late payment in commercial transactions, in order to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market, thereby fostering the competitiveness of undertakings and in particular of SMEs.’ In its recitals it mentions that in ‘the context of enhanced efforts to prevent the abuse of freedom of contract to the detriment of creditors, organisations officially recognised as representing undertakings and organisations with a legitimate interest in representing undertakings should be able to take action before national courts or administrative bodies in order to prevent the continued use of contract terms or practices which are grossly unfair to the creditor.’ (recital 29)
Preamble: ‘(2) The freedom to provide services includes the right of undertakings to provide services in another Member State, to which they may post their own workers temporarily in order to provide those services there. It is necessary for the purpose of the posting of workers to distinguish this freedom from the free movement of workers, which gives every citizen the right to move freely to another Member State to work and reside there for that purpose and protects them against discrimination as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment in comparison to nationals of that Member State.‘
‘4. In certain jurisdictions, individuals enjoy direct recourse against business entities for violations of economic, social and cultural rights, whether in order to impose on such private entities (negative) duties to refrain from certain courses of conduct or to impose (positive) duties to adopt certain measures or to contribute to the fulfilment of such rights.16 There are also a large number of domestic laws designed to protect specific economic, social and cultural rights, that apply directly to business entities, such as in the areas of non-discrimination, health-care provision, education, the environment, employment relations and consumer safety. 5. In addition, under international standards, business entities are expected to respect Covenant rights regardless of whether domestic laws exist or are fully enforced in practice.17 The present general comment therefore also seeks to assist the corporate sector in discharging their human rights obligations and assuming their responsibilities, thus mitigating any reputational risks that may be associated with violations of Covenant rights within their sphere of influence.‘
